1. Aims, objectives, and research questions Overview of project Late in 2003 the Teaching and Learning Research Initiative granted funding to Massey University’s Department of Technology, Science, and Mathematics for a two-year study of numeracy practices in New Zealand schools. Central issues to be addressed were those of equity, proficiency, and sustainable practice in relation to the introduction of mathematics reforms in the primary school sector. Key research partners for Massey University in planning and implementing the research were the principals, lead mathematics teachers, numeracy teachers, and students from 16 schools. Prior to the application for funding, discussions had taken place with these schools and they gave a strong commitment to