Project description This project built on previous research showing that insufficient numbers of children reach expected levels of achievement in mathematics. Māori, Pasifika, and students from lower decile schools are particularly disadvantaged. Young children should be given equitable opportunities to develop their mathematical thinking, particularly in all strategy domains of the New Zealand Number Framework. These include not only addition and subtraction (the predominant focus in junior classes), but also multiplication, division, and fractions. This project aimed to provide children with learning opportunities and challenges within the context of multiplication and division, with the goal of developing greater understanding of part–whole relationships in mathematics. Methodology The research question posed was: How